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Suppose an α-particle starting from rest is accelerated through a 5 megavolt potential difference. What is thefinal kinetic energy of the α-particle? Section: Physical Sciences 

The time has come to acknowledge the ascendancy of the humanistic psychology movement. The so-called“Third Stream” emerged at mid-century, asserting itself against the opposition of a pair of mighty, longestablished currents, psychoanalysis and behaviorism. The hostility between these two older schools, as wellas divisiveness within each of them, probably helped enable humanistic psychology to survive its early years.But the movement flourished because of its wealth of insights into the nature of this most inexact science.Of the three major movements in the course of 20th century psychology, psychoanalysis is the oldest and mostintrospective. Conceived by Sigmund Freud as a means of treating mental and emotional disorders,psychoanalysis is based on the theory that people experience unresolved emotional conflicts in infancy andearly childhood. Years later, although these experiences have largely disappeared from conscious awareness,they may continue to impair a person’s ability to function in daily life. The patient experiences improvementwhen the psychoanalyst eventually unlocks these long-repressed memories of conflict and brings them to thepatient’s conscious awareness.In the heyday of behaviorism, which occurred between the two world wars, the psychoanalytic movement washeavily criticized for being too concerned with inner subjective experience. Behavioral psychologists, dismissingideas and feelings as unscientific, tried to deal only with observable and quantifiable facts. They perceived thehuman being merely as an organism which generated responses to stimuli produced by its body and theenvironment around it. Patients’ neuroses no longer needed analysis; they could instead by modified bybehavioral conditioning. Not even babies were safe: B.F. Skinner devised a container in which infants could beraised under “ideal” conditions – if a sound-proof box can be considered the ideal environment for child-rearing.By mid-century, a number of psychologists had grown dissatisfied with both the deterministic Freudianperspective and the mechanistic approach of behaviorism. They questioned the idea that human personalitybecomes permanently fixed in the first few years of life. They wondered if the purpose of psychology was reallyto reduce people to laboratory specimens. Was it not instead possible that human beings are greater than thesum of their parts? That psychology should speak to their search for fulfillment and meaning in life?It is questions like these that members of the Third Stream have sought to address. While the movementcannot be simplified down to a single theoretical position, it does spring from certain fundamental propositions.Humanistic psychologists believe that conscious experience, rather than outward behavior, is the propersubject of psychology. We recognize that each human being is unique, capable of change and personal growth.We see maturity as a process dependent on the establishment of a set of values and the development of self.And we believe that the more aspects of self which are satisfactorily developed, the more positive theindividual’s self-image.Abraham Maslow, a pioneer of the Third Stream, articulated a hierarchy of basic human needs, starting withfood, water and air, progressing upward through shelter and security, social acceptance and belonging, to love,esteem and self-expression. Progress toward the higher stages cannot occur until all of the more basic needshave been satisfied. Individuals atop the pyramid, having developed their potential to the highest possibleextent, are said to be “self-actualized”.If this humanist theoretical perspective is aimed at empowering the individual, so too are the movement’sefforts in the practical realm of clinical psychology. Believing that traditional psychotherapists tend to leadpatients toward predetermined resolutions of their problems, Carl Rogers pressed for objective evaluations ofboth the process and outcome of psychotherapeutic treatment. Not content to function simply as a reformer,Rogers also pioneered the development of “client-centered” or nondirective therapy, which emphasizes theautonomy of the client (i.e., patient). In client-centered therapy, clients choose the subjects for discussion, andare encouraged to create their own solutions to their problems.According to the passage, the ultimate goal of Carl Rogers’s client-centered therapy is:Section: Verbal Reasoning

What happens to brain waves as an organism falls asleep? Section: Physical Sciences 

In an acetyl molecule, two atoms of carbon are bonded by: Section: Physical Sciences 

Electromagnetic radiation from space constantly bombards the earth. Most wavelengths are absorbed by theatmosphere; however, there are two “windows” of nonabsorption through which significant amounts of radiationreach the ground. The first transmits ultraviolet and visible light, as well as infrared light or heat; the secondtransmits radio waves. As a result, terrestrial organisms have evolved a number of pigments that interact withlight in various ways: some capture light energy, some provide protection from light-induced damage, and someserve camouflage or signaling purposes.Among these compounds are many conjugated polyenes, which play important roles as photoreceptors. Forevery chemical compound, there are certain wavelengths of light whose quanta possess exactly the correctamount of energy to raise electrons from their ground state to higher-energy orbitals. For most organiccompounds, these wavelengths are in the UV range. However, conjugated double bond systems stabilize theelectrons, so that they can be excited by lower-frequency photons with wavelengths in the visible spectrum.Such a pigment, known as a chromophore, will then transmit the “subtraction color,” a color complementary tothe one absorbed. For instance, carotene, a hydrocarbon compound with eleven conjugated double bonds,absorbs blue light and transmits orange. The wavelength that is absorbed generally increases with the numberof conjugated bonds; rings and side-chains also affect wavelength.Among the many biological molecules that are affected by light is DNA, the genetic material of living organisms.DNA absorbs ultraviolet light, and may be damaged by UVC (< 280 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm). UVA (315-400nm) and visible light can actually repair light-induced damage to DNA by a process called photorepair. For thisreason, UVA, which also stimulates tanning, was once considered beneficial. However, there is now increasingevidence that UVA can damage skin.The color-producing quality of conjugated polyenes is attributable to:Section: Biological Sciences