Free CFA Institute CFA-Level-III Exam Questions

Carl Cramer is a recent hire at Derivatives Specialists Inc. (DSI), a small consulting firm that advises a varietyof institutions on the management of credit risk. Some of DSI's clients are very familiar with risk managementtechniques whereas others are not. Cramer has been assigned the task of creating a handbook on credit risk,its possible impact, and its management. His immediate supervisor, Christine McNally, will assist Cramer in thecreation of the handbook and will review it. Before she took a position at DSI, McNally advised banks and otherinstitutions on the use of value-at-risk (VAR) as well as credit-at-risk (CAR).Cramer's first task is to address the basic dimensions of credit risk. He states that the first dimension of creditrisk is the probability of an event that will cause a loss. The second dimension of credit risk is the amount lost,which is a function of the dollar amount recovered when a loss event occurs. Cramer recalls the considerabledifficulty he faced when transacting with Johnson Associates, a firm which defaulted on a contract with theGrich Company. Grich forced Johnson Associates into bankruptcy and Johnson Associates was declared indefault of all its agreements. Unfortunately, DSI then had to wait until the bankruptcy court decided on all claimsbefore it could settle the agreement with Johnson Associates.McNally mentions that Cramer should include a statement about the time dimension of credit risk. She statesthat the two primary time dimensions of credit risk are current and future. Current credit risk relates to thepossibility of default on current obligations, while future credit risk relates to potential default on futureobligations. If a borrower defaults and claims bankruptcy, a creditor can file claims representing the face valueof current obligations and the present value of future obligations. Cramer adds that combining current andpotential credit risk analysis provides the firm's total credit risk exposure and that current credit risk is usually areliable predictor of a borrower's potential credit risk.As DSI has clients with a variety of forward contracts, Cramer then addresses the credit risks associated withforward agreements. Cramer states that long forward contracts gain in value when the market price of theunderlying increases above the contract price. McNally encourages Cramer to include an example of credit riskand forward contracts in the handbook. She offers the following:A forward contract sold by Palmer Securities has six months until the delivery date and a contract price of 50.The underlying asset has no cash flows or storage costs and is currently priced at 50. In the contract, no fundswere exchanged upfront.Cramer also describes how a client firm of DSI can control the credit risks in their derivatives transactions. Hewrites that firms can make use of netting arrangements, create a special purpose vehicle, require collateralfrom counterparties, and require a mark-to-market provision. McNally adds that Cramer should include adiscussion of some newer forms of credit protection in his handbook. McNally thinks credit derivativesrepresent an opportunity for DSL She believes that one type of credit derivative that should figure prominently intheir handbook is total return swaps. She asserts that to purchase protection through a total return swap, theholder of a credit asset will agree to pass the total return on the asset to the protection seller (e.g., a swapdealer) in exchange for a single, fixed payment representing the discounted present value of expected cashflows from the asset.A DSI client, Weaver Trading, has a bond that they are concerned will increase in credit risk. Weaver would likeprotection against this event in the form of a payment if the bond's yield spread increases beyond LIBOR plus3%. Weaver Trading prefers a cash settlement.Later that week, Cramer and McNally visit a client's headquarters and discuss the potential hedge of a bondissued by Cuellar Motors. Cuellar manufactures and markets specialty luxury motorcycles. The client isconsidering hedging the bond using a credit spread forward, because he is concerned that a downturn in theeconomy could result in a default on the Cuellar bond. The client holds $2,000,000 in par of the Cuellar bondand the bond's coupons are paid annually. The bond's current spread over the U.S. Treasury rate is 2.5%. Thecharacteristics of the forward contract are shown below.Information on the Credit Spread ForwardRegarding their statements concerning current and future credit risk, determine whether Cramer and McNallyare correct or incorrect.

Albert Wulf, CFA, is a portfolio manager with Upsala Asset Management, a regional financial services firm thathandles investments for small businesses in Northern Germany. For the most part, Wulf has been handlinglocally concentrated investments in European securities. Due to a lack of expertise in currency management heworks closely with James Bauer, a foreign exchange expert who manages international exposure in some ofUpsala's portfolios. Both individuals are committed to managing portfolio assets within the guidelines of clientinvestment policy statements.To achieve global diversification, Wulf's portfolio invests in securities from developed nations including theUnited States, Japan, and Great Britain. Due to recent currency market turmoil, translation risk has become ahuge concern for Upsala's managers. The U.S. dollar has recently plummeted relative to the euro, while theJapanese yen and British pound have appreciated slightly relative to the euro. Wulf and Bauer meet to discusshedging strategies that will hopefully mitigate some of the concerns regarding future currency fluctuations.Wulf currently has a $1,000,000 investment in a U.S. oil and gas corporation. This position was taken with theexpectation that demand for oil in the U.S. would increase sharply over the short-run. Wulf plans to exit thisposition 125 days from today. In order to hedge the currency exposure to the U.S. dollar, Bauer enters into a90-day U.S. dollar futures contract, expiring in September. Bauer comments to Wulf that this futures contractguarantees that the portfolio will not take any unjustified risk in the volatile dollar.Wulf recently started investing in securities from Japan. He has been particularly interested in the growth oftechnology firms in that country. Wulf decides to make an investment of ¥25,000,000 in a small technologyenterprise that is in need of start-up capital. The spot exchange rate for the Japanese yen at the time of theinvestment is ¥135/€. The expected spot rate in 90 days is ¥132/€. Given the expected appreciation of the yen,Bauer purchases put options that provide insurance against any deprecation of the euro. While delta-hedgingthis position, Bauer discovers that current at-the-money yen put options sell for €1 with a delta of -0.85. Hementions to Wulf that, in general, put options will provide a cheaper alternative to hedging than with futuressince put options are only exercised if the local currency depreciates.The exposure of Wulf’s portfolio to the British pound results from a 180-day pound-denominated investment of£5,000,000. The spot exchange rate for the British pound is £0.78/€. The value of the investment is expected toincrease to £5,100,000 at the end of the 180 day period. Bauer informs Wulf that due to the minimal expectedexchange rate movement, it would be in the best interest of their clients, from a cost-benefit standpoint, tohedge only the principal of this investment.Before entering into currency futures and options contracts, Wulf and Bauer discuss the possibility of alsohedging market risk due to changes in the value of the assets. Bauer suggests that in order to hedge against apossible loss in the value of an asset Wulf should short a given foreign market index. Wulf is interested inexecuting index hedging strategies that are perfectly correlated with foreign investments. Bauer, however,cautions Wulf regarding the increase in trading costs that would result from these additional hedging activities.Regarding the Japanese investment in the technology company, determine the appropriate transaction in putoptions to adjust the current delta hedge, given that the delta changes to -0.92. Assume that each yen putallows the right to self ¥1,000,000.

Milson Investment Advisors (MIA) specializes in managing fixed income portfolios for institutional clients. Manyof MIA's clients are able to take on substantial portfolio risk and therefore the firm's funds invest in all creditqualities and in international markets. Among its investments, MIA currently holds positions in the debt of Worthinc., Enertech Company, and SBK Company.Worth Inc. is a heavy equipment manufacturer in Germany. The company finances a significant amount of itsfixed assets using bonds. Worth's current debt outstanding is in the form of non-callable bonds issued twoyears ago at a coupon rate of 7.2% and a maturity of 15 years. Worth expects German interest rates to declineby as much as 200 basis points (bps) over the next year and would like to take advantage of the decline. Thecompany has decided to enter into a 2-year interest rate swap with semiannual payments, a swap rate of 5.8%,and a floating rate based on 6-month EURIBOR. The duration of the fixed side of the swap is 1.2. Analysts atMIA have made the following comments regarding Worth's swap plan:• "The duration of the swap from the perspective of Worth is 0.95."• "By entering into the swap, the duration of Worth's long-term liabilities will become smaller, causing the valueof the firm's equity to become more sensitive to changes in interest rates."Enertech Company is a U.S.-based provider of electricity and natural gas. The company uses a large proportionof floating rate notes to finance its operations. The current interest rate on Enertech's floating rate notes, basedon 6-month LIBOR plus 150bp, is 5.5%. To hedge its interest rate risk, Enertech has decided to enter into along interest rate collar. The cap and the floor of the collar have maturities of two years, with settlement dates(in arrears) every six months. The strike rate for the cap is 5.5% and for the floor is 4.5%, based on 6-monthLIBOR, which is forecast to be 5.2%, 6.1%, 4.1%, and 3.8%, in 6,12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Eachsettlement period consists of 180 days. Analysts at MIA are interested in assessing the attributes of the collar.SBK Company builds oil tankers and other large ships in Norway. The firm has several long-term bond issuesoutstanding with fixed interest rates ranging from 5.0% to 7.5% and maturities ranging from 5 to 12 years.Several years ago, SBK took the pay floating side of a semi-annual settlement swap with a rate of 6.0%, afloating rate based on LIBOR, and a tenor of eight years. The firm now believes interest rates may increase in 6months, but is not 100% confident in this assumption. To hedge the risk of an interest rate increase, given itsinterest rate uncertainty, the firm has sold a payer interest rate swaption with a maturity of 6 months, anunderlying swap rate of 6.0%, and a floating rate based on LIBOR.MIA is considering investing in the debt of Rio Corp, a Brazilian energy company. The investment would be inRio's floating rate notes, currently paying a coupon of 8.0%. MIA's economists are forecasting an interest ratedecline in Brazil over the short term.Determine whether the MIA analysts' comments regarding the duration of the Worth Inc. swap and the effectsof the swap on the company's balance sheet are correct or incorrect.

Rowan Brothers is a full service investment firm offering portfolio management and investment banking services. For the last ten years, Aaron King, CFA, has managed individual client portfolios for Rowan Brothers, most of which are trust accounts over which King has full discretion. One of King's clients, Shelby Pavlica, is a widow in her late 50s whose husband died and left assets of over $7 million in a trust, for which she is the only beneficiary. Pavlica's three children are appalled at their mother's spending habits and have called a meeting with King to discuss their concerns. They inform King that their mother is living too lavishly to leave much for them or Pavlica's grandchildren upon her death. King acknowledges their concerns and informs them that, on top of her ever-increasing spending, Pavlica has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness. Since the diagnosis could indicate a considerable increase in medical spending, he will need to increase the risk of the portfolio to generate sufficient return to cover the medical bills and spending and still maintain the principal. King restructures the portfolio accordingly and then meets with Pavlica a week later to discuss how he has altered the investment strategy, which was previously revised only three months earlier in their annual meeting. During the meeting with Pavlica, Kang explains his reasoning tor altering the portfolio allocation but does not mention the meeting with Pavlica's children. Pavlica agrees that it is probably the wisest decision and accepts the new portfolio allocation adding that she will need to tell her children about her illness, so they will understand why her medical spending requirements will increase in the near future. She admits to King that her children have been concerned about her spending. King assures her that the new investments will definitely allow her to maintain her lifestyle and meet her higher medical spending needs. One of the investments selected by King is a small allocation in a private placement offered to him by a brokerage firm that often makes trades for King's portfolios. The private placement is an equity investment in ShaleCo, a small oil exploration company. In order to make the investment, King sold shares of a publicly traded biotech firm, VNC Technologies. King also held shares of VNC, a fact that he has always disclosed to clients before purchasing VNC for their accounts. An hour before submitting the sell order for the VNC shares in Pavlica's trust account. King placed an order to sell a portion of his position in VNC stock. By the time Pavlica's order was sent to the trading floor, the price of VNC had risen, allowing Pavlica to sell her shares at a better price than received by King. Although King elected not to take any shares in the private placement, he purchased positions for several of his clients, for whom the investment was deemed appropriate in terms of the clients* objectives and constraints as well as the existing composition of the portfolios. In response to the investment support, ShaleCo appointed King to their board of directors. Seeing an opportunity to advance his career while also protecting the value of his clients' investments in the company, King gladly accepted the offer. King decided that since serving on the board of ShaleCo is in his clients' best interest, it is not necessary to disclose the directorship to his clients or his employer. For his portfolio management services, King charges a fixed percentage fee based on the value of assets under management. All fees charged and other terms of service are disclosed to clients as well as prospects. In the past month, however. Rowan Brothers has instituted an incentive program for its portfolio managers. Under the program, the firm will award an all-expense-paid vacation to the Cayman islands for any portfolio manager who generates two consecutive quarterly returns for his clients in excess of 10%. King updates his marketing literature to ensure that his prospective clients are fully aware of his compensation arrangements, but he does not contact current clients to make them aware of the newly created performance incentive. According to the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct, which of the following statements is correct concerning King's directorship with ShaleCo?

Gabrielle Reneau, CFA, and Jack Belanger specialize in options strategies at the brokerage firm of Damon andDamon. They employ fairly sophisticated strategies to construct positions with limited risk, to profit from futurevolatility estimates, and to exploit arbitrage opportunities. Damon and Damon also provide advice to outsideportfolio managers on the appropriate use of options strategies. Damon and Damon prefer to use, andrecommend, options written on widely traded indices such as the S&P 500 due to their higher liquidity.However, they also use options written on individual stocks when the investor has a position in the underlyingstock or when mispricing and/or trading depth exists.In order to trade in the one-year maturity puts and calls for the S&P 500 stock index, Reneau and Belangercontact the chief economists at Damon and Damon, Mark Blair and Fran Robinson. Blair recently joined Damonand Damon after a successful stint at a London investment bank. Robinson has been with Damon and Damonfor the past ten years and has a considerable record of success in forecasting macroeconomic activity. In hisforecasts for the U.S. economy over the next year, Blair is quite bullish, for both the U.S. economy and the S&P500 stock index. Blair believes that the U.S. economy will grow at 2% more than expected over the next year.He also states that labor productivity will be higher than expected, given increased productivity through the useof technological advances. He expects that these technological advances will result in higher earnings for U.S.firms over the next year and over the long run.Reneau believes that the best S&P 500 option strategy to exploit Blair's forecast involves two options of thesame maturity, one with a low exercise price, and the other with a high exercise price. The beginning stockprice is usually below the two option strike prices. She states that the benefit of this strategy is that themaximum loss is limited to the difference between the two option prices.Belanger is unsure that Blair's forecast is correct. He states that his own reading of the economy is for acontinued holding pattern of low growth, with a similar projection for the stock market as a whole. He states thatDamon and Damon may want to pursue an options strategy where a put and call of the same maturity andsame exercise price are purchased. He asserts that such a strategy would have losses limited to the total costof the two options.Reneau and Belanger are also currently examining various positions in the options of Brendan Industries.Brendan Industries is a large-cap manufacturing firm with headquarters in the midwestern United States. Thefirm has both puts and calls sold on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. Their options have good liquidity forthe near money puts and calls and for those puts and calls with maturities less than four months. Reneaubelieves that Brendan Industries will benefit from the economic expansion forecasted by Mark Blair, the Damonand Damon economist. She decides that the best option strategy to exploit these expectations is for her topursue the same strategy she has delineated for the market as a whole.Shares of Brendan Industries are currently trading at $38. The following are the prices for their exchangetraded options.As a mature firm in a mature industry, Brendan Industries stock has historically had low volatility. However,Belanger's analysis indicates that with a lawsuit pending against Brendan Industries, the volatility of the stockprice over the next 60 days is greater by several orders of magnitude than the implied volatility of the options.He believes that Damon and Damon should attempt to exploit this projected increase in Brendan Industries1volatility by using an options strategy where a put and call of the same maturity and same exercise price areutilized. He advocates using the least expensive strategy possible.During their discussions, Reneau cites a counter example to Brendan Industries from last year. She recalls thatNano Networks, a technology firm, had a stock price that stayed fairly stable despite expectations to thecontrary. In this case, she utilized an options strategy where three different calls were used. Profits were earnedon the strategy because Nano Networks' stock price stayed fairly stable. Even if the stock price had becomevolatile, losses would have been limited.Later that week, Reneau and Belanger discuss various credit option strategies during a lunch time presentationto Damon and Damon client portfolio managers. During their discussion, Reneau describes a credit optionstrategy that pays the holder a fixed sum, which is agreed upon when the option is written, and occurs in theevent that an issue or issuer goes into default. Reneau declares that this strategy can take the form of eitherputs or calls. Belanger states that this strategy is known as either a credit spread call option strategy or a creditspread put option strategy.Reneau and Belanger continue by discussing the benefits of using credit options. Reneau mentions that creditoptions written on an underlying asset will protect against declines in asset valuation. Belanger says that creditspread options protect against adverse movements of the credit spread over a referenced benchmark.Assume Reneau applies the options strategy used earlier for Nano Networks. Assuming there is a 3-month 45call on Brendan Industries trading at $1.00, calculate the maximum gain and maximum loss on this position.Max gain Max loss